Despite an abundance of information on the risk factors of SARS-CoV-2, there have been few US-wide studies of long-term effects. In this paper we analyzed a large medical claims database of US-based individuals to identify common long-term effects as well as their associations with various social and medical risk factors.<\/p>\n
The medical claims database was obtained from a prominent US based claims data processing company, namely Change Healthcare. In addition to the claims data, the dataset also consisted of various social determinants of health such as race, income, education level and veteran status of the individuals. A self-controlled cohort design (SCCD) observational study was performed to identify ICD-10 codes whose proportion was significantly increased in the outcome period compared to the control period to identify significant long-term effects. A logistic regression-based association analysis was then performed between identified long-term effects and social determinants of health.<\/p>\n
Among the over 1.37 million COVID patients in our datasets we found 36 out of 1724 3-digit ICD-10 codes to be statistically significantly increased in the post-COVID period (p<\/i>-value <\u20090.05). We also found one combination of ICD-10 codes, corresponding to \u2018other anemias\u2019 and \u2018hypertension\u2019, that was statistically significantly increased in the post-COVID period (p<\/i>-value <\u20090.05). Our logistic regression-based association analysis with social determinants of health variables, after adjusting for comorbidities and prior conditions, showed that age and gender were significantly associated with the multiple long-term effects. Race was only associated with \u2018other sepsis\u2019, income was only associated with \u2018Alopecia areata\u2019 (autoimmune disease causing hair loss), while education level was only associated with \u2018Maternal infectious and parasitic diseases\u2019 (p<\/i>-value <\u20090.05).<\/p>\nConclusion<\/h3>\n
We identified several long-term effects of SARS-CoV-2 through a self-controlled study on a cohort of over one million patients. Furthermore, we found that while age and gender are commonly associated with the long-term effects, other social determinants of health such as race, income and education levels have rare or no significant associations.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
Background Despite an abundance of information on the risk factors of SARS-CoV-2, there have been few US-wide studies of long-term effects. In this paper we analyzed a large medical claims database of US-based individuals to identify common long-term effects as well as their associations with various social and medical risk factors. Methods The medical claims […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":0,"template":"","meta":{"msr-url-field":"","msr-podcast-episode":"","msrModifiedDate":"","msrModifiedDateEnabled":false,"ep_exclude_from_search":false,"_classifai_error":"","msr-author-ordering":null,"msr_publishername":"","msr_publisher_other":"","msr_booktitle":"","msr_chapter":"","msr_edition":"","msr_editors":"","msr_how_published":"","msr_isbn":"","msr_issue":"","msr_journal":"BMC Public Health","msr_number":"","msr_organization":"","msr_pages_string":"","msr_page_range_start":"","msr_page_range_end":"","msr_series":"","msr_volume":"","msr_copyright":"","msr_conference_name":"","msr_doi":"","msr_arxiv_id":"","msr_s2_paper_id":"","msr_mag_id":"","msr_pubmed_id":"","msr_other_authors":"","msr_other_contributors":"","msr_speaker":"","msr_award":"","msr_affiliation":"","msr_institution":"","msr_host":"","msr_version":"","msr_duration":"","msr_original_fields_of_study":"","msr_release_tracker_id":"","msr_s2_match_type":"","msr_citation_count_updated":"","msr_published_date":"2022-12-1","msr_highlight_text":"","msr_notes":"","msr_longbiography":"","msr_publicationurl":"","msr_external_url":"","msr_secondary_video_url":"","msr_conference_url":"","msr_journal_url":"","msr_s2_pdf_url":"","msr_year":0,"msr_citation_count":0,"msr_influential_citations":0,"msr_reference_count":0,"msr_s2_match_confidence":0,"msr_microsoftintellectualproperty":true,"msr_s2_open_access":false,"msr_s2_author_ids":[],"msr_pub_ids":[],"msr_hide_image_in_river":0,"footnotes":""},"msr-research-highlight":[],"research-area":[13553],"msr-publication-type":[193715],"msr-publisher":[],"msr-focus-area":[],"msr-locale":[268875],"msr-post-option":[],"msr-field-of-study":[],"msr-conference":[],"msr-journal":[],"msr-impact-theme":[],"msr-pillar":[],"class_list":["post-909825","msr-research-item","type-msr-research-item","status-publish","hentry","msr-research-area-medical-health-genomics","msr-locale-en_us"],"msr_publishername":"","msr_edition":"","msr_affiliation":"","msr_published_date":"2022-12-1","msr_host":"","msr_duration":"","msr_version":"","msr_speaker":"","msr_other_contributors":"","msr_booktitle":"","msr_pages_string":"","msr_chapter":"","msr_isbn":"","msr_journal":"BMC Public Health","msr_volume":"","msr_number":"","msr_editors":"","msr_series":"","msr_issue":"","msr_organization":"","msr_how_published":"","msr_notes":"","msr_highlight_text":"","msr_release_tracker_id":"","msr_original_fields_of_study":"","msr_download_urls":"","msr_external_url":"","msr_secondary_video_url":"","msr_longbiography":"","msr_microsoftintellectualproperty":1,"msr_main_download":"","msr_publicationurl":"","msr_doi":"","msr_publication_uploader":[{"type":"url","viewUrl":"false","id":"false","title":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s12889-022-14806-1","label_id":"243109","label":0},{"type":"url","viewUrl":"false","id":"false","title":"https:\/\/bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com\/counter\/pdf\/10.1186\/s12889-022-14806-1.pdf","label_id":"243132","label":0}],"msr_related_uploader":"","msr_citation_count":0,"msr_citation_count_updated":"","msr_s2_paper_id":"","msr_influential_citations":0,"msr_reference_count":0,"msr_arxiv_id":"","msr_s2_author_ids":[],"msr_s2_open_access":false,"msr_s2_pdf_url":null,"msr_attachments":[],"msr-author-ordering":[{"type":"user_nicename","value":"Sumit Mukherjee","user_id":39778,"rest_url":"https:\/\/cm-edgetun.pages.dev\/en-us\/research\/wp-json\/microsoft-research\/v1\/researchers?person=Sumit Mukherjee"},{"type":"user_nicename","value":"Meghana Kshirsagar","user_id":39736,"rest_url":"https:\/\/cm-edgetun.pages.dev\/en-us\/research\/wp-json\/microsoft-research\/v1\/researchers?person=Meghana Kshirsagar"},{"type":"guest","value":"nicholas-becker","user_id":775627,"rest_url":"https:\/\/cm-edgetun.pages.dev\/en-us\/research\/wp-json\/microsoft-research\/v1\/researchers?person=nicholas-becker"},{"type":"user_nicename","value":"Yixi Xu","user_id":39775,"rest_url":"https:\/\/cm-edgetun.pages.dev\/en-us\/research\/wp-json\/microsoft-research\/v1\/researchers?person=Yixi Xu"},{"type":"user_nicename","value":"Bill Weeks","user_id":39582,"rest_url":"https:\/\/cm-edgetun.pages.dev\/en-us\/research\/wp-json\/microsoft-research\/v1\/researchers?person=Bill Weeks"},{"type":"guest","value":"shwetak-patel","user_id":434253,"rest_url":"https:\/\/cm-edgetun.pages.dev\/en-us\/research\/wp-json\/microsoft-research\/v1\/researchers?person=shwetak-patel"},{"type":"user_nicename","value":"Juan M. 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